Paolo Nutini won the gong for best track for Iron Sky from his Caustic Love album at the Q Awards.
Kasabian were two-time winners at the event where they were hailed as the "best act in the world".
The ceremony also recognised the efforts of independent record label, XL Recordings, which helped steer Adele to worldwide fame.
Its boss, Richard Russell, picked up the award for outstanding contribution to music at the event at the Grosvenor House hotel in central London.
The label also counts albums by The Prodigy, the White Stripes and Dizzee Rascal among its output.
Other winners included Ed Sheeran, who was named best solo artist, and Sam Smith, who won the best new act award.
Kasabian also carried off the award for best live act, beating this year's comeback queen Kate Bush in both categories.
Paolo Nutini won the gong for best track for Iron Sky from his Caustic Love album while Elbow's The Take Off And Landing Of Everything was named best album, but the band lost out in the best video category to Jamie xx.
The event, formally known as the Xperia Access Q Awards and hosted by Absolute Radio's Christian O'Connell, also saw wins for former Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr and XTC songwriter Andy Partridge.
Q's senior editor Matt Mason said the winners reflected the "breadth and quality of modern music".
He said: "From the soul voices of Paolo Nutini and Sam Smith, through the artistry and invention of Elbow and Jamie xx, to the feel-good rock 'n' roll power of Kasabian and Ed Sheeran's ability to seduce the world with a guitar and some irresistible hooks, it's been a thrilling 12 months in music."
Pink Floyd drummer Nick Mason picked up the classic album award for the band's record The Dark Side Of The Moon from Smashing Pumpkins' Billy Corgan, and Manic Street Preachers handed over the inspiration award to Simple Minds.
Other winners were singer-songwriter St Vincent, who picked up the maverick award, the Charlatans, who were named Q heroes, and Jean Michel Jarre, who was recognised for innovation in sound.
The recently-reformed Culture Club won the idol award, while Dr Feelgood guitarist Wilko Johnson won the icon award.
Mason said the winners had "helped define modern music".
He said: "To have musicians such as Pink Floyd and Jean Michel Jarre sitting alongside St Vincent and Richard Russell seems fitting to us as they all adhere to their own distinct vision."
FULL WINNERS LIST:
Q Best New Act presented by Xperia Access
Sam Smith
Q Maverick
St Vincent
Q Best Track presented by Absolute Radio
Paolo Nutini - Iron Sky
Q Best Solo Artist presented by Citroen
Ed Sheeran
Q Songwriter
Andy Partridge
Q Best Album
Elbow - The Take Off And Landing Of Everything
Q Best Video
Jamie xx - Sleep Sound
Q Best Live Act presented by the Cavern Club
Kasabian
Q Hero
The Charlatans
Q Outstanding Contribution To Music
XL Recordings, collected by Richard Russell
Q Inspiration
Simple Minds
Gibson Les Paul Award
Johnny Marr
Q Classic Album
Pink Floyd - Dark Side Of The Moon
Q Innovation In Sound presented by Xperia Access
Jean Michel Jarre
Q Icon presented by Carling's Black Label Project
Wilko Johnson
Q Idol
Culture Club
Q Best Act In The World Today presented by Buster and Punch
Kasabian
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