A forum which is gathering accounts from children who have been in care has reported 38 incidents of abuse to police.

The National Confidential Forum heard testimonies describing abuse, neglect, degradation and humiliation in its conversations with adults who spoke about their experience of 117 institutions in Scotland.

A total of 59 of the 78 people who came forward described experiences of abuse and 38 incidents have been passed to Police Scotland.

A summary of the accounts is recorded in the What We Have Heard So Far report published on Tuesday.

The majority of the former care residents described a range of dehumanising and cruel physical, sexual and emotional abuse.

Examples include being forced to parade around naked with soiled linen in response to bedwetting, having their hair cut off, visits being cancelled at the last minute, beatings, force-feeding and withholding food or sleep.

The anonymous testimonies suggest abuse and neglect went unchallenged in some institutions due to a culture of bullying and silence fuelled by fear.

When individuals as children did report abuse, they remember very little being done, being punished, moved to another institution or the abuser being believed over their account.

One person remembered: "It was a systematic torture chamber ... a systematic abuse ... a way of life all the time, morning and night."

Another said: "The first thing I remember about care was fear" while a third said: "I thought I was going to go mad, in a way I think I did ... I remember feeling utterly broken."

One person remembered: "She'd fill a bath with cold water and throw you in it, with the towel wrapped around your head, which I think is called water-boarding ... and then pour buckets of water over your head."

A small number of people talked about positive care experiences.

Dr Rachel Happer, a clinical psychologist and head of the forum, said: "What we have heard so far indicates that a number of children were subjected to severe forms of abuse, neglect and degradation in care institutions that were meant to provide safety and protection.

"We heard repeatedly about children being too scared to speak up. With all forms of abuse, we must be alert to the response to disclosure. Silence can be our worst enemy.

"For some people, talking to the forum is the first time they have been heard and sharing their experience broke a long-held silence.

"For those people who may still be silent, now is their chance to speak up. We offer a safe and supportive place to be heard."

The forum aims to listen to anonymous testimony from those who were in care as children to acknowledge their experiences and create a national record of the accounts.

It also aims to enhance public knowledge and understanding; and to make practical recommendations to improve care now and in future.

Most people described experiences in residential homes or schools but some spoke about hospitals, boarding schools, school hostels and secure facilities.

A spokesman from NSPCC Scotland said: "The accounts of abuse published in this report are extremely shocking and it's vital that any victims of abuse get justice, no matter how much time has passed since crimes against them were committed.

"We need to ensure that people who have been abused as children feel confident to come forward, safe in the knowledge that their voices heard and they will receive help and support."

The NSPCC's helpline for adults who require support is available 24/7 and for free on 0808 800 5000.

Help for children and young people is available through Childline on 0800 1111.

Detective Chief Superintendent Lesley Boal, head of the public protection at Police Scotland, said the force "fully supports" the work of the National Confidential Forum.

"We can assure people who report incidents of abuse that they will be listened to and their reports investigated regardless of the passage of time," she said.

"Police Scotland works with a range of partners and support organisations, nationally and locally, to ensure that those reporting childhood abuse are fully supported.

"We can confirm that through our continuing work with the forum, Police Scotland has received a number of referrals.

"Referrals are assessed on the basis of threat, risk and harm which can result in further investigations and enquiries being undertaken. It would be inappropriate to comment further.

"Anyone wishing to report abuse, whenever that abuse has occurred, should contact Police Scotland on 101."