Almost £72 million will be spent directly on general practice this year, including on measures to improve the recruitment and retention of GPs across Scotland.
Health Secretary Shona Robison said the investment would be used to continue to reduce workload, increase the workforce and "make services fit for the future".
The announcement was welcomed by the British Medical Association (BMA).
It comes amid recent warnings from doctors that Scotland is facing a deepening GP recruitment crisis.
The £71.6 million of funding is the first stage of the Scottish Government's pledge to invest an extra £250 million in direct support of general practice each year by 2021.
It is part of a wider promise to increase overall annual funding for primary care by £500 million by 2021.
Ms Robison said: "I've been clear that general practice is indispensable to the health service.
"Without strong general practice the system can't work and that's why we need to show that we value it.
"We are committed to reinvigorate general practice so we can attract more people into the profession, make things better for people already working there, and ensure it has a bright future.
"I recognise there are challenges but by listening to the profession and working with them, we are delivering the investment and reform to meet those challenges head-on."
Dr Alan McDevitt, chair of the BMA's Scottish GP committee, said: "We are delighted to have negotiated with the Scottish Government that a substantial proportion of the additional investment into primary care will be spent in direct support of general practice."
Dr McDevitt told Holyrood's Health Committee in September there was "clear evidence" of a "major problem" in recruitment.
"The crisis, the shortage of GPs, is now manifest and we are working very hard to change the fundamental nature of general practice to make it attractive for both doctors to stay in and to come into as a future career," he said.
Labour health spokesman Anas Sarwar said: "This funding was announced by Nicola Sturgeon last year and is the SNP simply attempting to reverse their own cuts to the budgets of family doctors, having slashed a massive £1.6 billion in the past decade.
"The test will not just be the money spent, it will be number of new GPs recruited, GPs retained, saving local practices from closures and more auxiliary support services."
Scottish Greens health spokeswoman Alison Johnstone said there was an issue with regards to how funding is divided among practices.
She said: "The Government has committed to reviewing the funding formula.
"Currently, GPs working in deprived communities with greater workloads are only getting an extra £3.79 per patient.
"If we're serious about reducing health inequality in society, we must increase and target our resources."
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