THE WHITE House has put pressure on Russia to expel fugitive Edward Snowden to ensure he returns to the US.

The administration urged Moscow not to allow the surveillance whistleblower to leave the country to travel elsewhere as his attempted escape to South America descended into confusion.

The White House also criticised China for allowing the former US spy agency contractor who disclosed government surveillance secrets to leave Hong Kong.

A White House spokesman said the US assumed Mr Snowden was still in Russia and dismissed suggestions the decision to allow Mr Snowden to depart Hong Kong was a technical one.

He said: "We are just not buying that this was a technical decision by a Hong Kong immigration official.

"This was a deliberate choice by the government to release a fugitive despite a valid arrest warrant, and that decision unquestionably has a negative impact on the US-China relationship.

US Secretary of State John Kerry expressed frustration that neither the Chinese or Russian governments had detained Mr Snowden.

He said: "It would be deeply troubling if they had adequate notice and, notwithstanding that, they made the decision wilfully to ignore that and not live by the standards of the law."

Mr Snowden, who had worked at a US National Security Agency facility in Hawaii, had been hiding in Hong Kong since leaking details about secret US surveillance programs to news media.

The 30-year-old has applied to Ecuador for political asylum, but the country's foreign minister has implied he is still in Russia. A seat was booked in his name on a flight to Cuba yesterday morning, but he is not thought to have boarded.

The White House spokesman said US officials had been in contact with Hong Kong authorities since June 10 and urged them to honour Washington's request that he be arrested. Hong Kong acknowledged receipt of the US request on June 17 and requested additional information.

He said: "The US had been in communication about these inquiries and were in the process of responding to the request when we learned Hong Kong authorities had allowed the fugitive to leave.

The White House spokesman noted that individuals with arrest warrants were subject to having their passports revoked.

He could not comment specifically on Mr Snowden's passport for privacy reasons but said Hong Kong officials were advised of his travel document status in time to have prohibited his departure.

Mr Snowden is charged with theft of government property, unauthorised communication of national defence information and wilful communication of classified communications intelligence.

The White House spokesman, who in recent weeks has avoided mentioning Mr Snowden by name, criticised the former contractor for the countries he had potentially chosen for refuge. He said: "Mr Snowden's claim that he is focused on supporting transparency, freedom of the press and protection of individual rights is belied by the protectors he has potentially chosen – China, Russia, Ecuador, as we've seen.

"His failures to criticise these regimes suggests his true motive throughout has been to injure the national security of the United States, not to advance internet freedom and free speech."

Russian officials say they lack the legal authority to detain him.

"The Americans cannot demand anything," human rights ombudsman Vladimir Lukin said, saying that as long as Mr Snowden did not leave the Moscow airport's secure transit area, he was not on Russian soil.