Former dictator of Panama

Born: February 11, 1934;

Died: May 29, 2017

MANUEL Noriega, who has died aged 83, was a military officer who became the ruler of Panama in the 1980s; he was an ally of the United States before he was ousted as the country's dictator by an American invasion in 1989. During the invasion, he was famously smoked out of his refuge at the Vatican Embassy by incessant, loud rock music blared by US troops.

Taken back to the States, Noriega then served a 17-year drug sentence on drug trafficking charges and was later sent to face charges in France. The final years of his life were spent in a Panamanian prison for murder of political opponents during his 1983-89 regime.

Once closely involved with Washington, Noriega accused the US of a conspiracy to keep him behind bars and linked his legal troubles to his refusal to co-operate with a US plan aimed at toppling Nicaragua's leftist Sandinista government in the 1980s.

Following Noriega's ousting, Panama underwent huge changes, taking over the Panama Canal from US control in 1999, vastly expanding the waterway and enjoying a boom in tourism and real estate. Today the Central American nation has little in common with the bombed-out neighbourhoods where Noriega hid during the 1989 invasion.

Known mockingly as Pineapple Fac" for his pockmarked complexion, Manuel Antonio Noriega was born poor in Panama City on February 11 1934 and was raised by foster parents.

He joined Panama's Defence Forces in 1962 and steadily rose through the ranks, mainly through loyalty to his mentor, General Omar Torrijos, who became Panama's de facto leader after a 1968 coup.

As Gen Torrijos' intelligence chief, Noriega monitored political opponents and developed close ties with US intelligence agencies guarding against possible threats to the canal. Two years after Gen Torrijos died in a mysterious plane crash in 1981, Noriega became the head of the armed forces and Panama's de facto ruler.

Noriega ruled with an iron fist, ordering the deaths of those who opposed him and maintaining a murky, close and conflictive relationship with the United States. At the apex of his power he wielded great influence outside the country as well thanks to longstanding relationships with spy agencies around the world

Noriega was considered a valued CIA asset and was paid millions of dollars for assistance to the US throughout Latin America, including acting as a liaison to Cuban leader Fidel Castro.

Noriega also helped the US seize drugs at sea and track money laundering in Panama's banks, and reported on guerilla and terrorist activities.

However, Washington ultimately turned sour on him, especially after a top political opponent was killed in 1985 and Noriega appeared to join forces with Latin American drug traffickers. Foes in the Panamanian military attempted several coups but failed, and their leaders were summarily executed by firing squad.

The beginning of his downfall came in 1988 when federal grand juries in the Florida cities of Miami and Tampa indicted Noriega on drug trafficking charges.

Initially he reacted with defiance, thumbing his nose at US economic sanctions designed to drive him from power. He famously waved a machete at a rally while vowing not to leave, and in 1989 he nullified elections that observers say were won by the opposition.

US President George HW Bush ordered the invasion in December 1989, and Noriega was captured and taken to Miami. During the operation, 23 American military personnel died and 320 were wounded, and the Pentagon estimated 200 Panamanian civilians and 314 soldiers were killed.

Prosecutors accused Noriega of helping Colombia's Medellin cocaine cartel ship "tons and tons of a deadly white powder" to the United States.

The defence cited court documents describing him as the "CIA's man in Panama" and argued that the indictment "smells all the way from here to Washington", but jurors convicted Noriega in April 1992 of eight of 10 charges. Under the judge's instructions, they were told not to consider the political side of the case - including whether the US had the right to invade Panama and bring Noriega to trial in the first place.

During his years at a minimum-security federal prison outside Miami, Noriega got special PoW treatment, and was allowed to wear his Panamanian military uniform and insignia when in court.

He lived in a bungalow apart from other inmates and had his own television and exercise equipment. He was said to be a TV news junkie and a voracious reader about politics and current events.

After completing his 17-year sentence in 2007, Noriega was extradited to France and received a seven-year sentence for money laundering.

But Panama wanted Noriega to return to face in-absentia convictions and two prison terms of 20 years for embezzlement, corruption and murder of opponents, including military commander Moises Giroldi, who led a failed rebellion on October 3 1989, and Hugo Spadafora, whose decapitated body was found in a mailbag on the border with Costa Rica in 1985. In mid-2011, France approved his extradition to Panama.

Despite amassing great wealth, Noriega had worked hard to cultivate an image of a man of the people. He lived in a modest, two-storey home in an upper-middle-class neighbourhood in Panama City which stood in stark contrast with the opulent mansions customary among Latin American dictators.

Noriega broke a long silence in June 2015 when he made a statement from prison on Panamanian television in which he asked forgiveness of those harmed by his regime.

"I feel like as Christians we all have to forgive," he said, reading from a handwritten statement. "The Panamanian people have already overcome this period of dictatorship."

But for the most part Noriega stayed silent about the elite military and civilian associates who thrived on the corruption that he helped instil - and which still plagues the Central American nation of some 3.9 million people, a favoured transshipment point for drugs and a haven for money laundering. The families of more than 100 who were killed or disappeared during his rule are still seeking justice.

In recent years Noriega suffered various ailments including high blood pressure and bronchitis.

In 2016, doctors detected the rapid growth of a benign brain tumour that had first been spotted four years earlier, and in the following January a court granted him house arrest to prepare for surgery on the tumour.

He is survived by his wife, Felicidad, and three daughters, Lorena, Thays and Sandra.