Former pupils talked of their arms being twisted behind their backs, pain being inflicted by staff and emotional abuse including taunts about their background.
Former pupils talked of their arms being twisted behind their backs, pain being inflicted by staff and emotional abuse including taunts about their background.
Here was a residential school and secure unit where children were sent to protect themselves and others, a place they should have been safe. Instead the independent inquiry into Kerelaw paints a damning and detailed picture of "common assaults", "emotional abuse", neglect and poor practice.
Following on from Glasgow City Council's own three-year inquiry into what went wrong at the Stevenston, Ayrshire unit and coverage of the various court cases and employment tribunals, there is a danger of the findings seeming too familiar.
Phrases such as poor leadership and training may sound clinical but should not detract from the all too human horror meted out on the children there.
The independent report by Eddie Frizzell concludes most importantly that abuse did take place and that steps must be taken to ensure such mistakes are not repeated.
The result of poor leadership and years of failings is "broken people" many of whom will require support for years to come.
"We saw what can happen when staff lack direction, when leadership is inadequate, when appropriate values are not upheld, and when poor attitudes are not challenged," wrote Mr Frizzell. "We saw the impact of relative neglect of an institution by senior managers 30 miles away preoccupied with reorganisation, budgets, high-level policies and internal disputes.
"The impact on the children who were abused at Kerelaw was devastating."
Management
Poor supervision over a number of years by both Glasgow City Council and senior staff at Kerelaw is given special emphasis in the report as a key failing.
Various different organisations were responsible for inspecting Kerelaw from 1996 onwards and "numerous" concerns were raised, but there was little evidence of sustained action to address these.
"Staffing levels, supervision, training, the fabric of the buildings, privacy and dignity of young people and the complaints procedure, were all the subject of criticism," it stated.
And Glasgow City Council did not give Kerelaw the attention it needed or deserved, said the report. Mr Frizzell said yesterday that the school slipped off the "radar" and was not regularly visited.
"Overall, there was a significant failure in leadership and management that led to the relative neglect of Kerelaw and, as a consequence, the dual abandonment of those who lived and worked there."
The inquiry makes clear that Kerelaw was not treated as a high priority and that management was delegated inappropriately. Senior staff and the city council are also criticised for having "no robust performance management system, and poor staff supervision".
Staff
The report makes clear that not all staff were involved in abuse and indeed many of the children said their experience of Kerelaw was positive. Mr Frizzell said yesterday that it is important to remember that, "not everybody got abused all of the time".
The abuse at the school was he said, "largely physical" and covered a range of staff who did not realise or often "didn't care" they were carrying out abuse.
He also raised questions over a claim in the previous report by Glasgow City Council that 40 staff members were involved in abuse.
"We didn't find that was substantiated," he said. "By Glasgow's own admission they only proceeded in disciplinary measures against 29 members of staff - so if they only proceeded against 29, how can they say that definitely 40 were involved."
The implication by the council that the abuse was widely known about by staff who did not act was also branded "unfair" by the former civil servant.
"There were people who spoke up and it was staff speaking up finally that brought it all out," he said.
Ultimately some 14 staff were dismissed. Two of the dismissals were deemed unfair by Appeals Tribunals, and the council withdrew its defence in another two.
Culture
Mr Frizzell made clear that poor leadership allowed a "macho" culture with an emphasis on control rather than care, to go unchecked. Among the staff there were "factions and cliques".
He continued: "The circumstances that allowed abuse to happen comprised a complex mix of cultural factors, including an over-emphasis on control."
There were complaints of abuse or bullying, but these were not followed up.
Training
The inquiry suggests that the main reasons for this culture were the lack of a consistent shared vision for Kerelaw to which learning and development should have been linked and a lack of proper induction training for staff.
"There was also a resistance by some individuals to learning new approaches, stemming from a belief that no-one outside understood their task," the report said.
Restraint methods
One method of restraint, known as "therapeutic crisis intervention" (TCI) was adopted in 1996 by Strathclyde Regional Council and was meant to calm or avert critical and violent situations.
However, the inquiry team found that, "some staff used physical intervention as a first rather than a last resort - and there was also emotional abuse".
"The language of failure and dumping'- ridicule about family backgrounds, teasing and bullying seem all to have played a part in the emotional abuse of residents," said the report.
"How to restrain, as opposed to how to avoid having to restrain, appears to have been over-emphasised. Insufficient attention was paid to refresher training. This meant an over-emphasis on physical control."
Counter claims
In response to the suggestion that former residents at the school had made allegations of abuse for the sake of financial compensation, Mr Frizzell said: "The claim by some that young people were driven to make allegations by the lure of compensation is not borne out by the evidence. Fewer than a fifth of those who were interviewed by internal investigators had by March 2009 made compensation claims. The statistics suggest that the convictions of the teacher and the unit manager following their Court cases in 2006 precipitated compensation claims."
In 2006, Matthew George, 56, an art teacher, was jailed for 10 years at the High Court in Edinburgh for a "horrifying catalogue" of 18 offences connected to Kerelaw abuse.
John Muldoon, 53, a care worker, was sentenced to two-and-a half years for four offences.
Ultimately what is clear from the report is that children's experiences of Kerelaw varied, but abuse did take place and in future proper checks and measures and stronger leadership need to ensure it is not repeated.
Other scandals
LARCHGROVE
The latest children's unit to become the centre of abuse allegations is Larchgrove Remand Home in the east end of Glasgow, although allegations have been made there in the past. Former residents have alleged sexual and physical abuse in the 1970s.
QUARRIERS HOMES
BRIDGE OF WEIR
Once cherished by the public and supported by the great and good as a haven for neglected or orphaned children, Quarriers has faced accusations of sexual and physical abuse since the 1930s.
The most prominent, from the 1960s, emerged in a series of trials of house fathers including John Porteous, who was nicknamed "Beast of the Belltower".
ST NINIAN'S LIST D SCHOOL
STIRLINGSHIRE
In 2003 Michael Murphy, 69, formerly known as Brother Benedict, a monk with the de la Salle order who worked as a welfare officer in the school, was jailed for two years on 10 charges of physical abuse during the 1960s, including torturing pupils with an electric shock device, force-feeding them vomit and whipping them with knotted boot laces. James McKinstrey, 70, the school's night watchman, and Charles McKenna, 83, a former teacher, were each sentenced to two years for sexual offences.
NAZARETH HOUSE
ABERDEEN
Allegations of abuse at the homes run by the Congregation of the Poor Sisters of Nazareth began to emerge in 1997.
Hundreds of former residents have since claimed they were abused or humiliated as children.
Criminal injuries compensation payments have been awarded.
One nun, Sister Alphonso, 58, was admonished for abusing four children in her care.
BLAIRS COLLEGE
ABERDEEN
In 1994, the Roman Catholic Church paid £42,000 compensation to a man who was sexually abused by two priests while at the seminary. The abuse began when the man was a 14-yearold trainee priest. Another case involved Father Desmond Lynagh, who abused young trainee priests. He was given therapy and continued as a priest. The college closed in 1986.
