IT is impossible to say with any accuracy how much money Deutsche Bank and indirectly its shareholders acquired by illegally manipulating interest rates ("Regulator hammers Deutsche Bank with huge fine", The Herald, April 24).

This latest fine of £227 million imposed by the FCA is a flea-bite on the banking sector representing as it does less than the sweepings on the floor of an industry that processes trillions of pounds-worth of transactions each day. Despite the illegal practices not being the acts of single rogue-traders but being part of a global network of systemic malpractice and this latest guilty bank appearing to have been less than fully cooperative with the FCA, it escapes effective meaningful punishment. How can a financial fine have any deterrent effect on a system that can create as much money as it wants via fractional reserve lending?

The only certainty about the affair is that we the general public will suffer financially from both the original crime and the belated efforts of the hapless FCA and its predecessors. We are left with one fundamental unanswered question and that is why when we steal from banks we go to jail yet when banks and bankers steal from us they don't.

David J Crawford,

Flat 3/3 131 Shuna Street, Glasgow.