The Robert Gordon University graduations

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Joanna Ruth Wherrett.

MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY

Marion Coats Donald.

MASTER OF SCIENCE

in ADVANCED ARCHITECTURAL

STUDIES

Leeat Ainhorn; Shimon Asban; Dror Barber; Simon George Bowsie; Eyal Moran.

POSTGRADUATE DIPLOMAS

in ADVANCED ARCHITECTURAL

STUDIES

Andrew James Armstrong; Stephen George Barker; Tzahi Dov Ben-Hur; Peter Edward Bills; Ian Douglas Blaney; Avriam Botbol; Avi Boujo; Timothy Francis Cane; David MacAndrew Carlyle; Suzanne Cotton with Distinction; Stuart Patrick Freckingham; Gillian Hanley; Odelia Hasky; Gillian Hayes with Distinction; Gavin Trevor Edward Jefcoate with Distinction; Stephen James King; Anne McCaw; Brian John Patrick McElhinney with Distinction; Iain Robert McMurray; Andrew Hayward McNair; Andrew John Mitton; Zaharuddin Muslimin; Gary John Paterson; John Purves; Leanne Ramshaw; Ilan Rapoport; Shafino Samsuri; Anthony Sarros; Jeffrey Malcolm Sempey; Zehavit Simovitch; Wan Mohamad Wan Isa; Brian Youngson.

in HERITAGE MANAGEMENT

Josephine Suzanne Anthony; Russell Richard Craig with Distinction; Lynda Gowans; Eilidh Sutherland; Alexis Dianne Watson.

POSTGRADUATE CERTIFICATE

in ADVANCED ARCHITECTURAL

STUDIES

Karen Elizabeth Kerr.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

(Honours)

in ARCHITECTURE

I - David Stuart Cameron. II:1 - Mark William Adams; Ross George Cowie; Stuart Guy Croxford; Neil Bruce Farquhar; Barry Paul Kane; Simon John Leeman; Ronen Magid; Stuart James McKenzie; Charles James McManus; Donald Alexander Moir; Paul Michael Moran; Chun Chien Ng; Stephen Mark Pirie; Christopher James Rhodes; Neil Hugh Ross; Alexander James Shaw; Joanna Leigh Smith; Kevin Alan Stephen; Neil George Strachan; Lyall Scott Thow; Hailan Wang; Kirsteen Mary Wilkinson. II:2 - Michael David Alexander; Anat Aroch; John Norman Stewart Baird; Robert Cameron Forrest Bennett; Roei Haim Borstein; Avi Boujo; Douglas Robert Brown; Gavin Wilson Brown; Eoghann David Campbell; Thomas Lee Chalmers; Richard Patrick Connell; Colin Alastair Craig; Claire Jane Foster; Warwick David Heavon-Jones; Stephen Gordon Hepburn; Jonathan Ishai; Dan Lahat; Duncan MacDonald; Ruairidh MacLean; Karl Nathaniel Markham; John

Owen Minford; Gail Marjorie Morton; John William Patterson; Callum John Pirie; Mark Porter; Shane Michael Scott; Gary Robert Strachan; Owen Christopher Trevor; Omar Wessely; Shelly Zilberstein. III - Maththumagala Kankanamalage Deshaka Miagra Alwis.

In INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE

II:1 - John Neil Beswick; Charina Elizabeth Cassels Lee; John MacDonald Scott; Claire Louise Wynne. II:2 - Julia Cordiner; Donald John Junor; Roy James Montgomery.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

in ARCHITECTURE

Christine Patricia Allan; Dawn Teresa Main; Philip Andrew Murray; Zaharuddin Muslimin; Benjamin Robin Thorburn.

SCHOOL OF ART

BACHELOR OF ARTS

(Honours)

in DESIGN AND CRAFT

I - Graeme Adam Findlay; Donna Marie Wilson. II:1 - Sandrine Barth; Claire Beattie; Gordon Brown; Martin James Christie; Gillian Easson; Joanna Margaret Holdsworth; Sally-Ann Johns; Ross Thomas Knight; Emma Jane Little; Iona Somerville; Alastair Iain Sweet. II:2 - Euan Brunton; Neil James Dryden; Anne Marie Feeney; Jamie Matthew John Fletcher; David William Robertson Fraser; Alison Juliana Gonzalez; Sally Grant; Donna Leah Littlejohn; Morag MacDonald; Kerry McCombie; Mairi Louise McDonald; Stephen Samuel Robertson; Rachel Emma Sims; Lisa Marcelle Siwek; Gillian Margaret Smith; Robert John Tait Thomson; Kerry Gairn Wilson; Lan Wong.

III - John Christopher Angus; Carin Mhairi Bain; Claire Lee Davidson; Emma Frances Deans; Kim Downie; Pamela Anne Eastwood; Kerri Michelle Flynn; Ross Webster Lawrie; Elaine Jane MacPherson; Michael Anthony McCosh; Angela Helen Miele; Sarah Marie Ratter; Kerry Anne Smith. Unclassified: Jennifer Gail McDonald; Avril Nairn.

in FINE ART

I - Mona Orstad Hansen; Fiona Ann Michie; Faye Phimister; Anne Gudrun Sejersen; Lillian Vaule. II:1 - Ellen Victoria Baikie; Diana Jane Bumpus; Kelly-Anne Cairns; George Collier; Susan Margaret Ann Convery; Lynsey Anne Alison Cowan; Lynn Dalziel; Gillian Isabella Ferguson; Alison Louise Gunn; Marie Rowena Jeffreys-Jones; Donald Mark MacDonald; Shaun Harold Robert MacDonald; Stuart McGarey; Michael Morton; Christopher Newman; Anita Taylor; Angela Thouless; Peter John Webster; Robert James Wilson. II:2 - Faye Louise Anderson; Claire Louise Boersma; Amy Brocklehurst; Deborah Justine Cruden; Fiona Grace Farris; Craig John Horsfall; Jean Irons; Shirley James; Doreen Jeffrey; Peter Leghorn; May Britt Ovrebo; Caroline Michelle Viagas; Heather Lynne-Joy Wilson. III - Tanya Helene Aanderaa; Lorraine Laird; Rebecca Claire McKell; Elaine Robertson; Rhona Jane Storie. Unclassified:

Merete Dille.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

(Honours)

in DESIGN FOR INDUSTRY

I - James Alexander Hall. II:1 - Alan John Jamieson; John McDonald; Lindsay Robert Parker. II:2 - Iain Blair; Lily Law; Thomas Robert Payne; Grant James Sinclair Watson. III - Andrew James Kinmond; Daniel Joel Saunders; Craig Richard Watson.

BACHELOR OF ARTS

in DESIGN AND CRAFT

Elizabeth Baroch; Geoffrey John Bryan Drake; Kelly Lyn Robb.

in FINE ART

Joan Myles Robertson.

DIPLOMAS OF HIGHER EDUCATION

in DESIGN AND CRAFT

Amanda Louise Beattie; Janine Kent Stevenson.

in DESIGN FOR INDUSTRY

Lindsay Elizabeth Inglis; Janette Russell.

CERTIFICATE OF HIGHER EDUCATION

in ART AND DESIGN

Frances Louise Hall.

SCHOOL OF CONSTRUCTION, PROPERTY AND SURVEYING

MASTER OF SCIENCE

IN ECOLOGICAL DESIGN

Isabel Mary Boyle.

POSTGRADUATE DIPLOMA

in ECOLOGICAL DESIGN

Janice Elizabeth Regulski with Distinction.

POSTGRADUATE CERTIFICATEs

in FACILITIES MANAGEMENT

Fiona Garden.

in PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Colin Mitchell with Distinction.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

(Honours)

in ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY

I - Nicola Louise Gelati. II:1 - Andrew James Jackson. II:2 - Susan Anderson; Louise Margaret Drysdale; James Douglas Smith. III - Simon Jon Hemmings.

in BUILDING SURVEYING

I - Gordon John Rogerson. II:1 - David McCurdy; Derek Cameron Tough. II:2 - Craig William Addison; Ross Campbell; Caroline Marit Hunter. III - Michael James Fraser.

in CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

II:1 - Kevin Jude Gallacher.

in QUANTITY SURVEYING

II:1 - Kah Pui Chia; Sutt Har Lee; Khor Ah Sim.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

in ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY

Sean Roger Barclay.

in BUILDING SURVEYING

Brian James Anderson; Dawn Baty; Donald Iain MacIntyre; Alasdair Duncan Malcolm MacLean; Andrew Maitland Miller; Roderick Morrison with Distinction; Keith James Rankine; Ross Edward Thomson; Peter Charles Yuill.

in CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

Stacey Michelle Callaghan; Sarah Louise Freeman; Bryan Leask with Distinction; Alan Graeme Lorimer; Richard John Stewart.

in QUANTITY SURVEYING

Daniel Frederick Richard Bird; Scott Charles Dickson Cameron; Gavin Neil Esslemont; Iain Scott Gammie; Paul Gardner; Kok Weng Lum; Colin John MacIver; Andrew Iain Milne; Christopher George Porter; Peter James Stephen; Nicholas Rex Stewart; Roy Martin Thomson; Joanne Tecla Watson.

DIPLOMA OF HIGHER EDUCATION

in ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY

Adrian Joseph Gomes

DIPLOMA OF HIGHER EDUCATION

IN BUILDING SURVEYING

Nigel Thomas Charles Lock.

HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMAS

in ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY

Samantha Fong; Michael John Goldie; Kevin McKenzie; Lorena Rivera; Tracy Linda Stoker.

in BUILDING SURVEYING

Greig Graham Baxter; Gareth Douglas Cordiner; Scott MacLeod Finlayson; Kris David Johnston; Stuart James MacGregor.

in QUANTITY SURVEYING

Andrew John Aitken; Graeme Forbes Beaton; Colin Magee.

HIGHER NATIONAL CERTIFICATE in ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY

Ewan Fraser Campbell; Kevin Coutts; Andrew Scott Haw; Martin Alan Johnston; Stuart Andrew Lindsay; John Alexander Smith; Murray Young.

HIGHER NATIONAL CERTIFICATES

in CIVIL ENGINEERING

Suzanne Bennett; David John McKay Rennie; Steven Michael Slessor.

in CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

Nick Henderson; Ben Stewart.

in QUANTITY SURVEYING

Kelly Murray; Mark Ryan Skene.

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF APPLIED

SCIENCE

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Stephanie Bourin; Vladimir Alexandrovich Kuksa; Robert Gordon Milne.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

(Honours)

IN APPLIED BIOSCIENCES

AND CHEMISTRY

I - David Brough; Grant MacKenzie; Jill Wilson. II:1 - Laura Maree Ellis; Alastair Ian Traquair. II:2 - Caroline Paterson Clubb; Kara Gladys Daly; Lorna Ann MacLeod; Janette Morrison; Pamela Innes Mutch. III - Lewis Ross MacKenzie.

IN APPLIED CHEMISTRY

II:1 - Caroline Delahoyde; Stuart Archibald Kemp. II:2 - Jane Suzannah Gilmore; Paul Thomas Linklater; Rodney Douglas McKnight. III - David Graeme McLaughlin.

IN APPLIED PHYSICS

I - Delphine Le Roux; Barry McKenzie; John Norman Wailes. II:1 - Christopher Gavin Kemp; Alan Stewart McGhie; Jennifer Lisa Whyte. II:2 - Barrie Stephen Innes Anderson.

III - Helen Elisabeth Turner.

IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

I - Alison Claire Bell. II:1 - Brian McCurdy; Patricia Margaret McParland; Simon Henry Pattullo; Alan Robert Tait. II:2 - Matthew Jeffrey Brodie; Catherine Judith Morrison Coles; Brett Silvers; Robin James Williamson.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

IN APPLIED BIOSCIENCES

AND CHEMISTRY

Catherine Louise Bridger; Scott Cooper; Michael William Curley; Nicola Anne Howie; Samantha King; Roderick Malcolm Maciver; Ruth Maclean; Karen Maxfield; Margaret Flynn Galbraith Stewart McKenzie; Neil Robert McMinn; Serena Ann Louise Melville; Fergus James Lauchlan Smith; Lyndsay Ann Stewart.

IN APPLIED CHEMISTRY

Lee Ann Barber; Donna Louise Henderson; Gwenda Jane McDonald; Stuart Shepherd; Sara Young.

IN APPLIED PHYSICS

Kenneth James Rae; Karine Monique Reix.

IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Andrea Margaret West.

DIPLOMAS OF HIGHER EDUCATION

IN APPLIED BIOSCIENCES

AND CHEMISTRY

Katja Robina Allen; Lindsay Sarah Crawford.

IN APPLIED CHEMISTRY

Moray Reid.

HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMAS

IN APPLIED BIOSCIENCES

AND CHEMISTRY

Gillian Cruickshank; Claire Victoria Downing; Iona Elisaid Grant; Carol Hutton; Melanie Anne King.

IN APPLIED CHEMISTRY

Alastair Grant Laird; Talitha Angela Neill; Allan David Thompson.

SCHOOL OF COMPUTER AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Joemon Madukkakuzhy Jose; Andrei Petrovski.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

(Honours)

IN BUSINESS COMPUTING

I - Ayesha Christine Abrams; Grant Matthews. II:1 - Ewan James Ironside; Violet Christian Michie; Graham Brian Miller; Neil Henry Saunders; Kathryn Mary Slater; Andrew Souter; Nicola Margaret Stark; Colin James White. II:2 - Avril Rose Davidson; Shelley Sylvia Davidson; Gavin Farquhar; Aisha Catherine McIntyre; Wayne Cameron George Sheed; Russell Todd.

IN COMPUTER SCIENCE

II:1 - Susan Louise Coupar; Keith William Donaldson; Ian James Gordon; Stefan Dominic Jachnik; Lee Kindness; Duncan Stuart McDiarmid; Alasdair MacPherson Sinclair.

II:2 - Raquel Valeza Cayabyab.

IN COMPUTING

I - Duncan Cumming; Stephen Gentle; Lesley Harrison; Arlene Robertson. II:1 - Nathan Brown. II:2 - Noel Jeevakumar Ethirveerasingam; Mark Grayson; Christopher Graham McGiffen; Sarah Louise Philp; Timothy Daniel Prue; Alisdair James Rendell; Neil Alexander Stewart. III - Gary James Milne; Stuart Gregory Milton; Ara Paiaya.

IN MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING

II:1 - Nichola Macintyre. II:2 - Neil Scott.

IN MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING WITH EDUCATION

II:2 - Gordon William Rae.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

IN BUSINESS COMPUTING

Stephen Bryce; Darren Alexander Christie; Hannah Jade Forbes; Iain Hossack; Graham MacDonald; Gavin Bryce Rennie; Ian McLean Stewart.

IN COMPUTER SCIENCE

Andrew James Bentley; Kevin Buchan; Leanne Tracey Connolly; John Peter Donald; Robert Clark Duff; Stuart Nicoll Low; Ross McLean; Paul Niven; Arie Ozarov; Vered Ozarov; Ori Pinhasi; Euan David Pirie; Keith Gordon Thom; Nicholas Alastair Webster; Eyal Zamir.

IN COMPUTING

Murray James Cormack; Tony Lee Fysh; Sharon Joyce Ingram; Allison Grant Johnston; Kok On (Bryan) Mah; Susan Clare McRoberts; Aileen Margaret Mearns; David Reynolds; Joanne Hammersley Riach; Punitha Seenivasagam; Thirumalai Sengottayan; Kevin Alistair Thomson.

IN MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING

Stuart Brown; Alisdair George Kidd; Dawn Coleen Wood.

IN MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING WITH EDUCATION

George Alexander Drew.

HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA

IN COMPUTING

Jacqueline Ann Christie; Lorna Will Hawthorn; Suzanne Mary Hutchison; Jamie Francis McIntosh.

SCHOOL OF ELECTRONIC AND ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Alexandra Barbour; Alister Cowie Murray.

MASTER OF SCIENCE

IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Radhakrishnan S Ambady; Kashif Aslam Chaudhry; Praveen Harisundar; Karl Patrick Gunson; Anna Mouromkina; James William Robert Weatherley.

POSTGRADUATE DIPLOMA

IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Maxwell Graham Douglas Dunlop; Peter Gordon Geddes; William MacKenzie; Abde Rahim Senoussi; Cameron S F Sutherland; James Harold Gregor Tait.

POSTGRADUATE CERTIFICATE

IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS

Marcus James Donald; Douglas Allan Muirhead.

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

(Honours)

IN ELECTRONIC AND

COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING

II:1 - William Donald Nicolson; Anthony Douglas Stewart; Karuppiah Valuthi Sathan Ramiah. II:2 - Scott MacPherson Boyd; Winston Anthony D'Souza; Julien Delgoulet; Damien Foucher; Anandh Kumar Ganapathi; Raymond Robert Robertson; V. Premanand Vallayan; Sivakumar Vellayan; Shanmugam Vijayaram; Ross Elliott White.

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER

ENGINEERING

I - Kevin William Ferguson Hume; Lior Weintraub. II:1 - Evan William Tuer; Iain Scott Young. II:2 - Iain Christie; Allan Murray.

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN ELECTRONIC AND ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING

I - Mohamed Haniffa Mohamed Anas; Ang Eng Aun; Choon Hoe Ng; Anita Lee-Jin Teo.

II:1 - Quah Soo Aik; Anthony Lucio Iannetta; Kim Tai Kua; Graham Potter; Lay Yau Woon; Kam Lup Yoong. II:2 - Chong Kian Kok; Khoo Hock Leong; Graeme Stuart McNeil; Cheo Hau Ng; Khai Sim Ng; Rakesh Venkatesen Raja Gopal; Louise Frances Riederer; Suresh Kumar Somasundram; Chia Say Wei; Li Lim Yap. III - Mark Richard Collins; Benjamin Cheng Kong Ooi; Kenneth James Peatie.

IN TECHNOLOGY AND BUSINESS

I - Alison Jane Getty; Michael James Meldrum; Caroline Ann Porter. II:1 - Jennifer Duncan; Stewart Alexander Hamilton; Fraser MacDougall. II:2 - Cara Louise Baillie; Nicholas Francis Apps Clinton; Bryan James Goodlad; Michael Hunter; Daniel Hyland; Claire Louise Stephenson; Richard John Graeme Stuart; Carrie Michelle Weir. III - Bruce Sinclair Den McKay; Douglas Andrew Trail.

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN ELECTRONIC AND

COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING

Joanne Gan Lay Bee; Steven Johnstone Garmory; Serena Siew Ming Lye; Bastiampillai Remington Yarlenthan.

IN ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER

ENGINEERING

William Smith Black; Richard Balfour Geddes; David John Harcombe.

IN ELECTRONIC AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Kong Kam Hoong; Jeya Gopi Raman.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

IN ELECTRONIC AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Sidney Stanley Coltman; Graeme Cook; Craig Alexander Esson; Craig William John Faskin; Mark George Fotheringham; Stuart Gray; Odyssefs Kyriakidis; Hugh Angus MacKay; Roderick Martin; David McCowan; William Moir; Alexander James Ritchie; Donald George Shaw; Robert David Thomas; Alan Thomson; David Wilson.

IN TECHNOLOGY AND BUSINESS

Melanie Ann Kinch; James Harold Gregor Tait; Gail Lynsey Taylor.

DIPLOMA OF HIGHER EDUCATION

IN ELECTRONIC AND ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING

Keith Donald Bertram.

HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA

IN ELECTRONIC AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Stuart Michael Gray; Kriss David Ross.

CERTIFICATES OF HIGHER

EDUCATION

IN ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTER

ENGINEERING

Michael Hamilton Corbett.

IN ELECTRONIC AND ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING

Andrew Thomas Leslie.

IN TECHNOLOGY AND BUSINESS

Katherine Pauline.

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND OFFSHORE

ENGINEERING

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Susan D'Arcy; Stephen Wan Yee Ming; Mariana Rashkova Kruntcheva.

MASTER OF SCIENCE

IN ASSET MANAGAEMENT

David Madison Ritchie.

IN OFFSHORE ENGINEERING

Ronald Andrew Forbes; Paul Anthony Hunter; Ailsa Taylor McMaster; James Rutherford Bruce Webster.

POSTGRADUATE DIPLOMA

IN OFFSHORE ENGINEERING

Ezazul Islam; Goran Kolaric; Robert MacLeod; Stephen George Mair.

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

(Honours)

IN MECHANICAL AND OFFSHORE

ENGINEERING

I - Malcolm Neil MacLean; Jennifer Ann McDonnell; Russell Connon Morrice; Jasper Naylor. II:1 - Jeanine Birnie; Robert James Bouchard; Paul Craig Fordyce; Steven Fraser; Ross Michael Littlewood; Regis Yannick Mercy; Dale Errol Millward; Calum John Mitchell; Gokulpradeep Ramachandran; Michael John Ross. II:2 - Steven Robert Brown; Stephen Clinton; Maureen Coyne; Francis Gordon Donald; Hugh David Evans; Ramkumar Kandasamy; James Joseph Kennedy; Arul Ramkumar Permal; Peter Skinner; Neil Kenneth Thomson; Chandra Kumar Veliappan. III - Banesh Balakrishnan; Neil Arthur Donaldson; Jayaneethe Naranasamy; J Neil A Robertson; Graeme Alexander William Russell.

IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

I - Mark Ivor Gilmore; Richard John Knox; Allan David Moir. II:1 - Stuart Anthony Lockhead; Abdul Karim Mohamad Yasin; Mohamed Rasheed; Greg Sangster. II:2 - Graeme Robert Dustan; Ian Roderick MacKenzie; Sean Munro. III - Kevin Alastair Cooper; Yee Lung Lee.

IN ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

David James Miller.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Peter William Armstrong; Francisco Javier Arteaga-Martin; Kevin Scott Brown; Richard Michael Docherty; Roderick Ferguson; Alan Rae Fotheringham; Stephen Alan Gibson; Adam Paul Greenwood; Derek Ronald Hicks; Ezazul Islam; Kee Fai Loh; Ann Margaret Elizabeth Mackay; Jamie C Mackay; Eoin Anthony Mackinnon; Michael Christopher McAdie; Colin Russell McKenzie; Alan Martin Melia; Matthew John Murray; Jason Hepburn Nicol; David Andrew Niven; Philip Anthony Owens; Stuart Peter Rainer; Colin Reid; Gregor Duncan Robertson; Dominic Edward Rouse; Douglas William Thom.

CERTIFICATE OF HIGHER

EDUCATION

IN MECHANICAL AND OFFSHORE

ENGINEERING

James Andrew Lawson Adamson; Douglas Euan Cairns; Martin Downer.